Charles Louis De Secondat, Baron De Montesquieu, And...

This could not be truer and better expressed about the rule of governance. That is why James Madison and men like him sought after the influence of some of the greatest minds; Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Mark Kishlansky, and Thomas Paine. Each of these men are different in their own rights but all strive for the common accomplishment of the perfect balance and formula for the government and their public. Throughout my term paper elaborate on Montesquieu’s â€Å"Spirit of Laws† chapters twenty two through twenty-six, Mark Kishlansky â€Å"a Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603-1714† chapters one through two. I will then go on to discuss Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense† and then return to Montesquieu â€Å"Spirit of Laws† chapters one through thirteen. From these readings, I will go on and discuss their summary of ideas, events, and/or ways of thinking that influenced the constitution. I will also identify the amendments th at were influenced by these readings as well. Montesquieu had an influence on the constitution because of his one idea of religion. Montesquieu believed that the less power religious ideas possess in the political concerns of a country, the more virtuous, happy, free, and at peace with others the people will be. He thought that with human laws, imposed to direct people and their will, must provide direction or rule, and not counsels. On the other hand religion made to esteem the heart, should provide an abundance of counsels and little to none rule. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Separation Of Powers Is The Division Of Political Authority Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbalances to make sure that no solitary branch turn out to be excessively infringes or powerful on the rights of the citizens ( Gray, Kenneth, et.al 2005). The term separation of powers or ‘trias politica’ was formed by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brà ¨de et de Montesquieu, an 18th century French political and social philosopher. Spirit of the Law s is one of his publications and considered as one of the tremendous works in the history of and jurisprudence and, political theory; it inspired

Challenges Faced by students - 1611 Words

Challenges Faced by students Do we really live in a global village? Do we do enough to make our fellow those around us feel part of the collective community? Globalization has ensured that the people of the world are brought much closer to one another this has been influenced by various advances man has made over time some of the most significant enabling factors of globalization are Transport and economic systems which have become very integrated that moving from one part of the world to the other takes only hours, this is how various ideal situations such as international study have been facilitated, student come from far off countries to pursue their higher education in countries such as America which has been a favorite†¦show more content†¦However, most people in host county say that their way is only right way which can be annoying and even when they do try to find out the cultures of foreigners they lose interest or forget very fast another person’s from other country’s cult ure, from a study at the University of Toledo many student complain of lackShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By International Students1007 Words   |  5 Pages Challenges faced by international students in American academic institutions Mallika Mahanandi Wilmington University Challenges faced by international students in American academic institutions In the article â€Å"Academic culture shock† author Godwin A. 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This disquisition will conclude that these challenges should be taken into seriousRead MoreChallenges Faced By Students Studying At University951 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This essay will mainly discuss and analyse the challenges faced by students studying at university for the first time based on Unit 2 in the course book, Academic Culture written by Clare Nukui. The transition between secondary and higher education can be a time of upheaval (Nukui, 2007). Unit 2 supports different types of problems that are associated with the transition from secondary to tertiary education. To be able to familiarize with academic culture, it is necessary to learn aboutRead MoreChallenges Faced By First Generation Students756 Words   |  4 PagesI Did you know that 40% of the United States population is made up of first-generation students? (Earl, 1987). A Being given the label first-generation by definition means that a student is the first in his or her family to attend and finish with a college degree. B Study conducted by Hicks (2006), compared educational barriers of first-generation to non-first-generation students; first-generation students had dissimilar expectations of college, poorer academic abilities, lack of social preparationRead MoreChallenges Faced By First Generation Students1547 Words   |  7 Pagesforty percent of the United States is made up of first-generation students? (Earl, 1987.) Being given the label â€Å"first-generation,† by definition, means that a student is the first in his or her family to attend and finish college with a college degree. In Hicks 2006 study, he compared the educational barriers of first-generation students to those non-first-generation students. As a result, Hicks found out the first-generation students had different expectations of college, poor academic abilities,Read MoreThe Challenges Faced By International Students In Higher Education852 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction As it is easily visible with the increasing enrolment of international students in Canadian institutions, internationalization has become one of the key aspects of higher education in developing its intellectual property, more mainly due to political and economic reasons (Altbach Knight, 2007). Canada is perceived to be â€Å"one of the most trusted in the world† as a destination of choice with its high-quality education in a welcoming multicultural environment (Global Affairs Canada, 2014)Read MoreChallenges Faced by First Year University Students822 Words   |  4 Pageshardships. First-year students at university face a lot of challenges. These challenges can be divided into groups of which three are making adjustments, security and being lost. First-year students have to make a lot of adjustments. Students face difficulty in adjusting to a completely new lifestyle. University life is totally different from living at home and going to high school. For example, many students are living alone and adjusting to being alone is difficult. Furthermore, students get a lot of freedom

Radical Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Radical Reconstruction Essay The time that followed the Civil War from 1865-1877 was a period of Reconstruction. This term not only refers to the reconstruction of cities and buildings, but also of southern politics as well. There was a kind of reconstruction that brought major reforms to the South. It was called Radical Reconstruction Essay. During the period of Radical Reconstruction the Radical Republicans and President Andrew Johnson were in almost constant disagreement. President Johnson favored a more hands-off approach than the Radicals were willing to accept. When the Civil War ended there remained the question of what to do with the Southern states. In 1864 there were many little groups in the Senate. One of there groups was called the Radical Republicans. In 1865 when President Johnson allied himself with the racists, he said that the South should remain a white mans country. The majority of the Senate then sided with the Radicals because they said that this is not a white mans government, but a mans government. The Radicals won control of the Senate because of this statement. By 1865 the conflict between the politicians on Johnsons side, called Johnsonians, and the Radical Republicans had reached the war point. Both sides were throwing false accusations back and forth across Washington. The Johnsonians accused the majority of Radicals that they did not really care about the Freedman, but were using him for their own political agendas. The Johnsonians went further by accusing the Radicals of outright conscious hypocrisy. Pg. 2 In 1866 the Radicals had become the majority party in the House and Senate and taken over the responsibility of Reconstruction from the President. Their first move was to ratify the Southern governments put in by Johnson and start anew. The Radicals felt that instead of choosing what was best for the states, Johnson had just been putting people back into office. With Johnsons statement before about a white mans government the Radicals felt that by revamping Johnsons state governments was the only way to insure fairness. By 1865 major land reforms were underway in the south. In 1865 General Sherman resettled some 40,000 Freedmen on the South Carolina and Georgias offshore islands. Some were also resettled on to abandon rice fields. Sherman presented his results to the Senate and they were pleased. Then President Johnson stepped in and personally saw to it that most of the land was returned to its original owners. In late 1865 1,800 Freedmen were resettled along the Mississippi river at a place called Davis bend. Davis bend incorporated six former plantations, including one owned by Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy president, and another was owned by his brother. In the one season that the Freedmen lived their they made about $157,000 profit between all of them. This proved that the Freedmen could make it on their own if given the land. But after the one season President Johnson pardoned the land owners and their land was returned. On January 7, 1867 the House of Representatives looked into conduct issues of President Andrew Johnson. On June 3, 1867 by a vote of 5-4 the House subcommittee voted not to recommend impeachment. Then Pg. 3 President Johnson on June 20, 1867 issued orders that made the military commanders in the southern five districts less powerful, and the Johnson appointed local government more powerful. With this decision by Johnson the vote was over turned by a vote of 5-4 in favor of recommendation for impeachment. On December 7,1867 the House rejected the impeachment resolution by a vote of 108-57. Then Johnson attempted to remove the radical Stanton from the position of Secretary of War. Then Johnson appointed General Grant to the post. When the Senate refused to accept Stantons removal, Grant sides behind the Senate. President Johnson publicly denounced General Grant for his apparent treachery. Diabetes Abstract Essay In many of these seven states, most of the governors, representatives and senators were northern men called carpetbaggers who had gone South after the war to make their political fortunes, often teaming up with newly freed Blacks. In Louisiana and South Carolina, Blacks actually gained a majority of the seats. The last three Southern states: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia finally were readmitted to the Union in 1870. In 1870 another Civil Rights Act was passed, and was immediately followed by the 15th Amendment. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State .

Odyssey and Aeneid Comparative Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

Odyssey and Aeneid are heroic poems that need no debut in the literary universe. They are considered the greatest plants of Greek and Roman literature and legion readings and analysis were already based on these two great heroic poems. Such. is besides the intent of this research paper. A brief sum-up of Odyssey and Aeneid would be presented to give a background on the beginning and apogee of their journeys. A comprehensive analysis on the personal traits of the two chief supporters. viz. . Odysseus and Aeneas. alongside their journey and the things that they encounter along the manner. would besides be given light. An analysis of the epics’ subjects and their connexion with their writer would besides be presented. every bit good as the correlativity of the heroic poem with the environment or the current province of the society the writer belonged ; a historical and political scrutiny. Heroism and liminality in the heroic poems would be farther discussed every bit good as subjects runing from both men’s ( Odysseus and Aeneas ) relationship with adult females ; the function of Gods. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey and Aeneid: Comparative Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and the significance of their journey and find. Therefore. the chief purpose of this research paper is to [ demo the difference and similarity of the two heroic poems. although created centuries apart. in different times. a connexion can be found and can be proven through the assorted cited subjects and the beginning in which the writers have found their inspirations ] . Odyssey Odysseus was portion of the 10 thousand fleets that set canvas for the metropolis of Troy to repossess a â€Å"kidnapped† married woman of Menelaus. King of Sparta. Helen. who was the most beautiful adult female in the universe. besides had Odysseus courting her. Thinking that Helen might take him out of the many suers. and to avoid struggle. he made all work forces swear to esteem Helen’s determination sing her pick for a hubby ; and to protect Helen and her hubby and to see through it that cipher would come and destroy their brotherhood. So. all the suers of Helen. who were mighty Kings and work forces of Greece. took an curse. However. Odysseus was non lucky plenty to be chosen as hubby. and alternatively. he met Helen’s cousin Penelope. and married her. This is merely the beginning of Odysseus’ show of humor through out the heroic poem. Although. he was incorrect about whom Helen is traveling to take. he displayed a character. of that of a diplomat. a smooth speaker. an eloquent and persuasive talker. Odysseus is known to be the adult male of huge self-denial and logical thinking. Odysseus was besides known as a adult male of peace. who hated bickers and firmly believes in self-preservation. A best illustration of this self-preservation was when the minister plenipotentiary from Sparta came to beg his curse to Menelaus in repossessing Helen. Thinking about his infant boy and the hereafter of his metropolis Ithaca ( for there was a prognostication that says of a long journey for him if he went to Troy ) ; Odysseus pretended to be insane. set on ragged apparels and sowed the field with salts. However. the minister plenipotentiary was besides cagey and cognizing Odysseus’ insanity was merely a show. he placed the infant T elemachus along the way of the Big Dipper. and Odysseus instantly stopped. scared of aching his boy. therefore demoing. he is on his right head. Odysseus went to Troy and built the celebrated Trojan Equus caballus. He convinced 20 Grecian soldiers to conceal inside its belly ( including himself ) . and leave the Equus caballus as an offering to the Gods while the remainder of the Greek fleet pretentiously sailed off. The Trojans. ferociously superstitious. took the wooden Equus caballus inside the metropolis and had a banquet observing their triumph. Then. at twilight. through the bid of Odysseus. the work forces inside the Equus caballus easy descended while the whole of Troy was asleep. They opened the Gatess and take the ground forces of Greece inside the walls of Troy. Hence. the devastation of the metropolis of Troy. Among the Trojan blue blood was Aeneas. the boy of Anchises and Venus. was hardly able to get away life from the custodies of the Greeks. if non for Venus’ direct intercession. He managed to get away and sailed to Latium. where he founded the City of Rome. Odysseyso begins on Odysseus’ journey towards place. after the 10 twelvemonth conflict with Troy. However. Odysseus’ had incurred the wrath of the Gods ( particularly Poseidon ) that he was condemned to sail for another 10 more old ages before making his hometown. Ithaca. â€Å"Unhappy Odysseus. he does non cognize the agonies that await him ; or how these ailments I and my Phrygians endure shall one twenty-four hours look to him cherished as gold. For beyond the 10 long old ages spent at Troy he shall drag out other 10 and so come to his state all alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [ Cassandra. Euripides.Daughters of Troy431 ] Through out the ocean trip. Odysseus and his work forces met many interesting figures. such that of the stargazers. the land of the Cyclops where Odysseus employed one of his fast ones of presenting himself as Cipher. so that when the Polyphemus ( the Cyclops who captured them ) was blinded by Odysseus and his work forces. called out to the other Cyclops for aid. They asked Polyphemus who had blinded him and he shouted Nobody. so the other Cyclops went back to their home. They met the happy male monarch Aelous who gave them a bag of fast air currents. gone to the island of the man-eaters. and met Circe and she bore him a boy ( Telegonos ) . They besides passed through a sound in which Circe advised him to sail near to Scylla a monster who had six caputs and would eat six of his work forces. than hazard droping the ship in the vortex of Charybdis. Here. Odysseus volitionally sacrificed six of his work forces to salvage the ship. They are so brought to the island where Calypso lived and kept Odysseus for seven old ages. It was so that Athena. the goddess that favored Odysseus begged Zeus to assist Odysseus acquire place. So. Zeus sent the Hermes to state Calypso to let go of Odysseus. which she did and Odysseus. after a batch more problem still from Poseidon. eventually reached Ithaca and warned against the many suers of his married woman Penelope by the goddess Athena disguised as immature male child. Odysseus concealed his individuality and disguised himself as a mendicant. Upon making the palace. he saw the many suers of Penelope and asked permission to execute the undertaking required of the suers so they could get married Penelope. to hit with Odysseus bow a consecutive pointer through the holes of 12 axes in a row. So. Odysseus. disguised as a mendicant. was able to draw his ain bow and successfully hit an pointer through the holes. after which he directed the bow towards the suers and killed them all o ne by 1. He so claimed his Kingdom and his married woman one time more. However. many says that the Odyssey does non stop at that place. but instead continued to another event that lead to Odysseus get marrieding another adult female and his decease brought about by his boy with Circe. Telegonus. who erroneously killed him when Odysseus was supporting his flocks. Telegonus was at that clip looking for his male parent. and had slain Odysseus already when he found out he was his male parent. The Aeneid Aeneid is a Latin heroic poem written by Virgil in the 1stcentury BC. The verse form was about the legendary journey of Aeneas. a Trojan escaping from the firing metropolis of Troy. along with some of his companions and boy. traveled to Italy and accordingly founded the metropolis of Rome. The verse form is divided into two. the first six of the 12 books acquaints us with his journey from Troy to Italy. while the 2nd half. relays of the triumph of Trojans over Latins when Aeneas was able to kill Turnus. The hero Aeneas is already a common figure since he foremost appeared in Homer’s Iliad. Virgil so continued to compose about him and as a consequence made a historical heroic poem about the initiation of Rome. Aeneas was a refugee from the firing metropolis of Troy. from Homer’s Iliad. With the assistance of her female parent Venus. the Roman goddess of love. he fled together with his male parent Anchises. married woman Creusa. the girl of King Priam. and son Ascanius. However. through the slaughter Creusa got separated and was neer seen once more ( until Aeneas met her in the underworld and confirms that she is dead ) . He sailed for yearss. destined by Jupiter to happen a metropolis which he will call Rome. However. due to Paris of Troy’s non taking Juno ( Hera ) to have the apple of strife. Juno had the biggest contempt for Trojans that she set a strong air current to whirl Aeneas’ transport off from Italy. and do land on Carthage. through the aid of Neptune. Aeneas was the 2nd strongest warrior of Troy. and could be considered as half-god since his female parent was Venus. Venus helped Aeneas with his enterprise in Carthage and through Venus’ Aeneas was able to capture the bosom of Dido. Queen of Carthage. Although Dido promised fidelity to her dead hubby. she can non assist but experience love towards Aeneas and they became lovers and savored each other’s presence ; until clip came that Jupiter sent Mercury to remind Aeneas of his responsibility and to travel on with his ocean trip. Dido was heartbroken when Aeneas left. that she struck her ain bosom with Aeneas’ blade and threw herself on a pyre as Aeneas was go forthing. Turning about to see Dido. Aeneas saw merely the fume from the pyre and cognize what had happened. Aeneas’ strong respect for responsibility is one of the Roman’s great properties. Through out the ocean trip. Anchises peacefully died. He so made an escapade into the underworld to talk with his male parent Anchises. and was told of the prognostication of Rome. Upon returning to land. he led his work forces to Italy. near the metropolis of Cumae. Then he guided the ship towards the river Tiber. where he would construct the metropolis of Rome. Upon reaching. the local dwellers called Latins did non prefer the aliens and a large war emerged when King Latinus of Latium. gave his girl Lavinia. who was once betrothed to the leader of the locals. Turnus. to Aeneas to be his married woman. A conflict emerged between Trojans and the local Latins. The conflict ended with Aeneas killing Turnus. for he had disgraced the armour of his friend. Pallas. whom he had killed beforehand. Historical and Political Significance Homer and Virgil The difference of Homeric heroic poems to Virgils’Aeneid. Homer’s verse forms are crude and are orally recited. there was no unequivocal written text by Homer that vividly describes and punctuates each line or spoken poetry. Hence. the texts of Iliad and Odyssey. as we know now are simply a recording of an unwritten public presentation made centuries ago. and each recording differs since for every public presentation. assorted â€Å"versions† would be introduced. The hero’s narratives may be suddenly cut to an stoping. excluding some parts ; while in another version. the eternal rovings of the hero would be meticulously detailed. In contrast to the Aeneid by Virgil. this was a existent written piece of art. Real. in footings that there is one bing written text in Latin about the heroic poem Aeneid by a poet named Virgil. Through this bing written text. assorted readings and supplementations would merely be added. but the chief thoughts and escapades as originally written by Virgil. remains unchanged and untasted. The ground why Aeneid remains to hold a strong influence among Roman poets and historiographers because they have a definite text to compare to. Greece by far is more artistically inclined and more originative than the sterile Romans. this is why Virgil took the narrative of Aeneas from Iliad and created their ain heroic poem I the signifier of Aeneid. Although hundred old ages apart in clip. similarities emerged between the two heroic poems. The characters used by Virgil were a by-product from Homer’s Iliad. This may be because Aeneid is strictly divine and derived from Iliad. Odyssey and Greece The Grecian civilization started long before the Romans. and thief civilisation performed through smaller authoritiess. They love life and are unworried. inventive and spent many at leisure hours singing and merely wondering with the beauty of life and nature. They besides believe that even though dead. their love 1s could still pass on with them. but decease is something unpleasant and feared even by Grecian heroes. They marvel with life and did everything possible to be remembered. to hold their names repeated in narratives and their lives glorified. Like in the instance of Achilles. he was given a pick to populate and decease an old adult male but no 1 would cognize who he is. or deceasing in the Trojan War but his name and fable would stay everlastingly. Achilles chose the latter. Prestige and repute are of import for Greeks ; we could state they are selfish. egoistic and self-involved. Odysseus demonstrated this trait when he volitionally let six of his work forces be eaten by t he monster Scylla as they pass through her Waterss. Another would be his deficiency of trust to his work forces that they took the bag of air current given by Aelous and misidentify it as gold and opened it. Greeks exercised individuality unwittingly. They know that work forces are non perfect and take pride whenever one would prevail over his devils ; they marvel at this ability to dance with destiny. A adult male can be barbarous and atrocious but this facet of him would be replaced of virtuosity once he had completed his undertakings. Odysseus was as selfish and self-involved adult male. but his actions were glorified and rationalized as rational schemes aimed to accomplish his ends. of continuing his life and returning to Ithaca. Aeneid and Rome Virgil’s Aeneid was frequently suspected as a historical heroic poem utilized by Augustus as propaganda. Since Virgil and Augustus were friends and Virgil was a devout Scribe and Roman citizen. he basically created a work that would reflect his sentiments and feelings about Rome. and the emperor. Aeneas was frequently described in many scholarly articles â€Å"allegedly† as Augustus himself. That Aeneas’ journey to Italy and found Rome is an fable of Augustus ( antecedently named Octavian ) rise to power and the aureate age of Rome. Another impression reflected by Aeneid’s characters. is that Marc Anthony was Turnus. Julius Caesar as Anchises. Dido as Cleopatra. and the speechmaker Drances as the solon Cicero ( Glover. 1904 ) . In Aeneid. the whole of Rome was interpreted otherwise by Virgil. The architecture as he described in Aeneas’ universe were the same structures that he had seen erected in Rome ; the nationality and nationalism that Aeneas showed is a representation of what a Roman should be like ; Aeneas’ soldiers devotion to him is an fable of Roman soldiers’ respect to their generals and higher-ups. Last. the images engraved in Aeneas’ shield was a historical word picture of Rome – from its initiation through the twins Romulus and Remus and the she-wolf. to the triumph of Augustus over Marc Anthony in the Battle of Actium. Subjects Heroism The heroic poem hero plays a really important portion in literary unfavorable judgments. His encouraging being assures the integrity of the heroic poem verse form and guides our analysis when we search for a subject. If he is non easy to pick out. there ensues a wrangle over his individuality. and the verse form in inquiry would be amorphous and episodic. missing continuity of escapade. For it was concluded by modern critics that the norm for antediluvian and besides. modern heroic poems. tends to focus on on one person. who will transport out with him the significance and the intent of the verse form. In layman’s footings. we synonymously correlate the word heroic poem with escapades of great proportion. where merely one person is disposed to set about. This person would be a hero. and in him has the power to get the better of all obstructions to finish his epical journey and finish. The hero’s actions can be a footing for other events that happen through out the heroic poem. and it could besides be a foundation for other norms outside of the heroic poem. as interpreted by bookmans. Odysseus and Aeneas are the heroes of their ain heroic poem and the narrative revolved around them. Odysseus was a hero in the Trojan War because of his inventiveness. and became a hero of the Odyssey because it showed merely non his strength of head and organic structure. but besides his assorted personalities and tactics to get away any state of affairs. As with Aeneas. he is a hero because. he embodies in himself the Roman manner and he found the great metropolis of Rome. Both heroes achieved their ends in the terminal. killed the enemies and retrieved their wagess. For Odysseus. acquiring back his land and seeing his married woman and boy once more ; and for Aeneas. get awaying from Troy. and carry throughing his fate of edifice Rome. Supreme beings and Men ( Greek and Roman Gods ) Grecian mythology commenced ages before the Romans. The Grecian Gods are frequently depicted as arch and often interfere with human lives. They invariably play with human emotions and act merely harmonizing to their caprice. This gaiety of the Grecian Gods in portion where taken after by their Roman opposite numbers. Through Aeneid. the Grecian Gods were given Roman names and were given another function. With Odysseus. the Gods demonstrated. through Athena their helpful side. They treated adult male ( Odysseus ) as an of import being and helped him in any manner possible. However. non all Gods are every bit helpful as Athena and Zeus towards Odysseus. Through out the journey of Odysseus he was invariably attacked by Poseidon. because Odysseus blinded the Cyclops Polyphemus. who is besides a God. Poseidon sent twirling tides and strong air currents to turtle Odysseus’ ship. In add-on. the monsters Scylla and Charybdis exist merely to ache adult male. Most of the Gods are frequently depicted as cannibals and Odysseus. through his marbless and extra aid or advice from the other Gods. was able to get away being eaten by Polyphemus and Scylla. In Aeneid. Gods play a different function. They were helpful and sort. except for the vindictive Juno. Venus’ helped Aeneas flight along with his household. While in the sea. Juno’s wrath caught them and she tried to turtle the ship. but good God Neptune saved the ship and landed them on Carthage. After which. Aeneas and Dido had a love matter. but ended suddenly because Jupiter sent Mercury to remind Aeneas of his responsibility. Therefore. in Aeneid. Gods exist to direct and steer. Liminality Odysseus and Aeneas had to travel through escapades to be make their concluding ends. They undertook stairss and obstructions along the manner. and this could be best described as the liminality of their characters. It means a rite of transition that involves a alteration in the character. particularly sing their societal position. There are three phases of liminality as demonstrated by Odysseus and Aeneas. The first or the preliminary phase requires the separation of the heroes from their usual societal scene ; Odysseus was recruited to take part in the Trojan War and Aeneas escaped from Troy. The 2nd is the liminal phase where in the heroes are in the center of their journey. they are in between universes. more like â€Å"not a male child. non yet a man† or â€Å"neither here nor there† . Odysseus’ character on his odyssey place encountered many events that tested his bravery and personality. as a leader. a male parent. a hubby and as a King. Although. he is already a King in Ithaca. he arrived in Ithaca disguised as a mendicant – no longer merely a soldier from Troy. but non yet the King of Ithaca once more. Aeneas journey to Italy besides led him to different parts of the universe. In these times. he was no longer the Trojan warrior but still non the laminitis of Rome. The 3rd and concluding phase is called the postliminal phase. a period in which the heroes’ societal position is already confirmed. Upon turn outing Odysseus’ existent individuality to Penelope and killing all the suers. he eventually re-integrated himself as the King of Ithaca. As with Aeneas. during the conflict where he killed Turnus. he eventually triumphed over the local Latins and eventually established a metropolis that will be called Rome. Womans The function of adult females in both heroic poems were polar but at the same clip unlike. Womans in Odyssey were given particular functions and they helped Odysseus through out his journey. Possibly the most helpful adult female was the goddess Athena who provided Odysseus with wisdom and at the same clip assisting Penelope ward off the many suers who had come to Ithaca. She besides helped Telemachus. Odysseus’ boy in his undertakings. Penelope’s function as the loving and faithful married woman is the fastness that Odysseus leaned on during his long travel. Other adult females like Circe tamed Odysseus’ pride and love for his work forces when she all turned them into hogs. He fought valorously for them to be placed back in their human signifier ; Ino. saved Odysseus when he was submerging by giving him a charming cloak ; Calypso offered Odysseus a pick between immortality and decease. and he chose none of the above but due to his fright of her power he stayed w ith her for seven old ages. â€Å"Nay semen. set thy blade into the sheath. and thenceforth allow us travel up into my bed. that meeting in love and slumber we may swear each the other. † said Circe ( Odyssey. Book X ) † However. in Aeneid. adult females took a backseat. They were non given much accent or of import function through out the verse form. Aside from the tragic destiny of Dido for falling in love with Aeneas. her bad luck was further re-iterated when she committed self-destruction. Womans such as Andromache. the married woman of Hector and Cruesa. Aeneas’ married woman. bore the load of the looted metropolis of Troy when Andromache witnessed her boy Astyanax thrown from the towers and Cruesa. separated from Aeneas during the great flight. â€Å"had to† dice so that Aeneas was said to get married another miss in a foreign land where in he would raise a bound metropolis. Possibly with the exclusion of the wroth Juno and the sort yet arch Venus. these adult females were non every bit strong as Homer’s. Probably because the Roman civilization at that clip gave less importance to adult females. supplying a really patriarchal society. While in Homer’s clip. Greece was merely emerging from a matriarchal society wherein adult females were regarded as peers with work forces. Although there was one character in Aeneid. that of Camilla. who demonstrated strength when she provided assistance for the falling Trojans ; and that of Lavinia. the princess fought over by Aeneas and Turnus. where in her bosom the hereafter of Aeneas’ race lies. As was ever the issue with work forces. non merely with Odysseus or Aeneas. Just like soldiers who have lovers in every finish. possibly solitariness has something to make with them roll uping adult females through out their journey. Odysseus. although married somehow gained ardor from the assorted adult females he met and took pride from this in this transition: â€Å"Verily Calypso. the just goddess. would fain hold kept me with her in hallow caves. hankering to hold me for her Godhead ; and likewise excessively. crafty Circe of Aia. would hold stayed me in her halls hankering to hold me for her Godhead. But neer did they prevail upon my bosom within my chest. So certainly is at that place nought sweeter that a man’s ain state and his parents. even though he dwell far of in a rich place. in a unusual land. off from all that begat him ( Odysseus. Odyssey in Book IX ) . † Aeneas stayed with Dido and was merely through the message of Mercury sent by Jupiter was he reminded of his mission to happen the land of the Romans. He reluctantly bound for his ship and yearningly looked back to see the pyre that burns the flesh of Dido who committed self-destruction because of him. For Aeneas. adult females was neer a job for him. he would ever acquire them without even making anything. His married woman Cruesa was given by Priam as an grasp for his being a good Trojan warrior ; Dido was charmed by Venus into falling in love with him ; and Lavinia was given by her male parent to Aeneas as an offering of peace and fulfilment of a prognostication. Journey and Discovery Odyssey translated means ocean trip or long journey. Both the Odyssey and Aeneid were narratives of drawn-out expedition towards their terminal ends. However. aside the actual journey of the two characters. a metaphorical ocean trip besides happened that finally take them to the individuals that they became one time they reached their concluding finishs. Odysseus in his journey battled with his pride and his yearnings for his household. However. a veteran of war and hocus-pocus. he suppressed his avidity to come out and present himself to Penelope upon seeing her beauty one time once more. He kept his composure and stayed in the mendicant camouflage until that the right clip. His was besides a journey of a adult male who became wiser than he was earlier. That his journey started with 12 ships and he returned home entirely. Odysseus was speedy to recognize his errors and took duty for his and his men’s actions. As with Aeneas. from the prized warrior of Troy. second to Hector. he evolved into a stronger single determined to carry through his fate. A devoted boy. he cared for his male parent Anchises really much ; from transporting him out of the firing metropolis of Troy. to his peaceable decease on board his ship ; and to his following him in the underworld to seek his advise. Aeneas’ journey had changed from merely being a soldier. to a leader of a new civilisation. Destiny Destiny or fate played an of import portion in the escapades of Odysseus and Aeneas. Fate. in portion is presumptively designated by the Gods and hence. in this sense. destiny and the god’s caprice are synonymous. Prophecies stated by visionaries were sent to them by the Gods who have seen what will go on. and through their actions. every bit good as the persons action. the hereafter will be set into action. unwittingly. Fate. at times were tried to be stopped by some Gods. like Juno deviating Aeneas’ attending from of all time acquiring to Italy through offering matrimony between him and Dido ; but when Gods intervene. other Gods besides intervene. and Jupiter reminded Aeneas of his responsibility. Fate. so. as destined by the Gods. has a wont of doing itself complete. It was a portion of life of the Odyssey and Aeneid. An ineluctable certainty that shaped both of the hero’s lives. In general. as evidenced by the subjects discussed in this paper. Odyssey and Aeneid has more than one thing in common. aside from being merely heroic poems. They shared a commonalty in assorted subjects such as gallantry. relationship between Gods and work forces. the liminality phases. their adult females. the significance of their journey and the function of destiny. Therefore. it is sufficient to state that possibly. a small spot of Odyssey was â€Å"copied† by Virgil to make Aeneid. These similarities are non coinciding as Odyssey existed seven hundred old ages before Aeneid. Nonetheless. utilizing Homer’s works as an inspiration for composing did non restrict Virgil’s capacity as a author. Yes. he may hold spun Aeneas from Homer. but he created a wholly different character. and a wholly different fortunes and environment. As is the focal point of all heroic poems. antediluvian and modern. these two plants became a footing for comparing and no 1. up to now. could of all time excel the criterions that the two poets had set. Assorted readings and supplementations were added to Aeneid but nil still beats the original. As for Homer. small was known about him but he achieved immortality. the most valued title for Greeks. for his plants. His name became a family name even 1000s of old ages after his decease. In decision. Odyssey and Aeneid are two of the most of import literary plants of all time made. Plants Cited Feeney. D. C.Epic Hero and Epic Fable. Comparative Literature. Vol. 38. No. 2. Spring. 1986. Glover. Terrot R.Surveies in Virgil. Edward Arnold. 1904. 312 pgs. Hainsworth. J. B.The Criticism of an Oral Homer.The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 90. 1970. Deneen. Patrick J.The Odyssey of Political Theory: The Politicss of Departure and Return.Rowman and Littlefield. 2003.

Globalisation Identity free essay sample

It is a complex concept has several dimensions such as political, technological, human, environmental and cultural (Pais, 2006). Identity often refers to the ways in which individuals take to distinguish themselves or are perceived to be distinguished, in their social relations with other individuals and collectivities (Jenkins, 1996). But James Fearon (1999) argues that the term identity is used in two senses namely social and personal. While in the former sense the reference is only towards a social classification of a group of people differentiated by the rules and attributes, the latter sense of personal identity is more closely related to the individual and is taken to be the set of distinguishing characteristics and sense of pride that a person takes while representing these characteristics. It is these concepts of globalization and identity that this essay seeks to explore in context to India. India, as a country is vast with each of its twenty eight states representing diversity not only in terms of geography but with regards to language, lifestyle and essentially the culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The demographics pose another enormity including men, women, youth, aging population, lower, middle and upper class. Considering this immense range, the scope of the essay has been narrowed down to represent the issues of globalization and identity and the effects of these issues particularly on the youth of India, in two of its major cities of Bangalore and Delhi. This scope has been selected as irrespective of what age limits are taken to define the age of youth, majority of India’s population is young and globalization has had a profound effect on the youth, especially in metropolitan cities such as Bangalore and Delhi (Athyal, n. d. ). The essay commences by giving a brief historical background of globalization in India along with an introduction about both the cities of Bangalore and Delhi. It argues that globalization has both pros and cons with regards to the youth and discusses both advantages and disadvantages of the situation n the process of analyzing the issues of globalization and identity faced by the youth, in both the cities. The essay ends by concluding that while there are areas of progress and enhancement, there are also numerous issues of grave concern with regards to globalization and identity. These issues pose a threat to the well being of youth of India, particularly in metropolitan cities such as Bangalore and De lhi and there is a need to maintain a right balance in order to gain from globalization History The process of globalization has been an integral part of the recent economic progress made by India. Whereas in the 1960s and 1970s the image of India was synonymous with poverty, in the 1980s and 1990s the attention increasingly shifted towards the process of economic liberalisation and globalisation (Lakha, 2005). India opened up the economy in the early nineties and the new policies radically pushed forward in favour of a more open and market oriented economy, with measures including scrapping of the industrial licensing regime and a notable reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector. This marked an important period sparking the interest of multinational companies in India and it still continues to be one of the most favourable destinations for international investment owing to factors such as the high potential of domestic market driven by an emerging middle class and an enormous talent pool (Ersnt amp; Young survey, 2012) Globalization has played a major role in export led growth and enlargement of job market in India. One of the major forces of globalization in the last fifteen years has been the growth of outsourced Information Technology sector and Business Process outsourcing. There has been a sharp rise in the number of skilled professionals in India employed by both local and foreign companies to service customers in the US and Europe in particular. Taking advantage of India’s lower cost but educated and English speaking work force and utilizing global communications technologies such as voice-over IP, email and the internet, international enterprises have been able to lower their cost base by establishing outsourced knowledge-worker operations in India (www. economywatch. com, 2010). Bangalore Few places in the world have seen the dramatic effects of globalization like Bangalore, the Silicon Valley of India. Bangalore is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka and experienced an unprecedented IT (Information Technology) boom that is transforming the prospects of the Indian economy. India is one of the worlds leading exporter of IT services, with its volume of offshore business doubling every three years. Bangalore accounts for being a major hub and the nation’s leading exporter of IT enabled services. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world. Several dynamic Indian companies headquartered here, including Infosys and WIPRO, are now challenging the multinationals for global leadership in the field. Every major international company in the IT industry now has a presence in Bangalore and plans to further expand its investments (Schifferes, 2007). Apart from new multinational companies springing all over the city a specialized suburb area termed as Electronics City spread over 332 acres of land is one of the largest electronic industrial parks of the country. Walking through the x-ray machines and past the security, the workforce seems to enter into another world with office blocks inspired by and resembling global icons such as the campuses at Silicon valley, I M Pei’s pyramid at Louvre and the Sydney Opera House. This scene is quite different from the India that most of its 1. 2 billion population inhabits (Bernstein, 2011). Growth indicators include the Net Domestic Income 52,346 Crore Rupees (US$9. 89 billion) in 2007 making it one of the largest economic centres in India. With an economic growth of 10. 3%, Bangalore is the second fastest growing major metropolis in India. With a per capita income of 74,709 (US$1,412) in 2006, this city is the third largest national hub for high net worth individuals. Gross Domestic Income of Bangalore’s urban district have increased exponentially over the years and shows a sizeable increase from 36. 58 (Billion Rupees) in 1980-81 to 15294. 08 (Billion Rupees) in 2004-2005 (Narayana, 2011). Delhi Delhi is often regarded as India’s eternal city. From sixth century B. C, when it was believed to be the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, to the present it has been prominent to Indian life be it in the area of politics or culture. From the time it became India’s official capital during the British rule it has been a symbol of India’s nationalism. With its current 22. 2 million population, the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi is the largest Indian metropolitan region by area and includes neighboring cities such as Gurgaon, Sonepat and Noida (Ghosh, 2007). One of the recent surge in job opportunities came from the boom of Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) sector in India. Delhi along with its adjoining cities such as Gurgaon records one of the highest growth rates of the BPO sector. A newly emerging transnational labour force comprises of the call center workers in Delhi, who provide voice-to-voice service to clients dialing for customer support in the United States or Europe. Multinational companies that have outsourced their customer support centers to India and are located at Delhi include British Airways, TechneCall, Dell Computers, America On-Line, GE Capital, Cap Gemini, Swiss Air and American Express (Mirchandani, 2003). The growth indicators include an estimated net State Domestic Product of 157,817 Crore Rupees (US$29. 3 billion) for the year 2010, making it the largest commercial centre in northern India. As of 2010, the per capita income of Delhi was 135,820 Rupees (US$2,567) with one of the highest growth rates in the country of 10. 7%, for the past five years (Govt of NCT Delhi, 2011). Being one of the fastest growing city in the region also makes it one of the most livable cities in the country. Youth in India A major impact of globalization in Ind ia is the extension of the period in which people are defined as youth. But going by the traditional definitions, if people under the age of 30 are considered the youth then well over 50 percent of India’s population is young. About 47 percent of India’s 1 billion population is under the age of 20 and teenagers among them are about 160 million (Kriplani, 1999). This demographic is among one of the most critical factors to the ways in which globalization influences India. According to Sakhi Athyal, Indian youth are increasingly attached to and affected by the positive and negative impacts of globalization and are embracing it ways not imagined by the previous generations. Globalization – Analysis of its positive impact on the youth and their Identity India’s strong position in the field of digital technology and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services sector has given rise to a new found confidence which many hope will allow the country become what Bill Gates termed as a software superpower. This embrace of software technology has challenged the typical perceptions of India as the underdeveloped, poverty stricken nation. Images of a high-tech youth and the software companies have come replace the stereotypes of snake charmers and starving children (Greenspan, 2004). With a billion people, the world’s largest democracy, an enormous pool of English-speaking engineers among the youth, an expanding middle class and one of the greatest untapped markets on the planet, India’s encounter with cyberspace has a far-reaching impact on the future of globalization. Major US corporations such as Dell, Citibank, AOL, Delta, General Electrics, ATamp;T, Goldman Sachs, among numerous others have large bases in India. These companies are also among the major multinationals moving their customer support centers to India. Hundreds of thousands of Indians are employed in call centers with the youth making up the majority of the employee strength. A typical entry-level worker in India earns around US$250 month, which would seem considerably less compared to international salaries but by Indian standards and cost of living, this figure is a significant entry-level salary for a fresh college graduate (Shome, 2006). The affluence of the young workers in the IT sector has provided significant levels of financial independence and change in attitudes towards wealth and consumption in India. Educated young people are increasingly able to afford home ownership, consumer white goods and cars previously regarded as luxuries becoming affordable at much later ages (Schifferes, 2007) Urban Indian youth are also influenced to a large extent by the popular culture promoted by the media, dictating their choice of how to dress, where to be seen, what music to listen to even to the extent of what opinions to adopt. An exponential growth in the number of television channels took place from one state-controlled channel in 1991 to nearly seventy in 1998. With the youth aspirations for a western lifestyle and a fast-growing advertising sector led to the Indian media market becoming exceptionally attractive for multinational broadcasters (Thussu, 1999). Western movies, Mumbai based franchise of MTV and Rupert Murdoch’s Hong Kong based Star TV have come to play a large role in setting trends conducive to youth culture. Indian youth are becoming more comfortable with the western culture and are adapting to it in order to be regarded as global citizens (Srinivas, 2002). Due to these vast influences there is a shift towards the decrease of visuals that are traditionally typical of Indian identity. The traditional Indian dress is declining, especially among urban youth, in favour of new fashions, allowing them to assimilate more easily with the west. Jeans and T-shirts, ladies dresses and skirts have become the increasingly popular choices (Gonsalves, 2012 ). Liberalization of India’s economy is encouraging its interaction with the world and increasing economic prosperity. The traditional family structure has given way which has its advantages in terms of giving providing mobility and empowering women as they begin to occupy non-traditional roles. According to 2004, Delhi police reported that deaths of about six women everyday in the city were related to dowry and domestic violence (Pais, 2006). Globalization offers new opportunities for women allowing to them to become economically independent. The opportunities to find employment in the Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) sector, arising from offshore outsourcing by global corporations are rising on a large scale. There are already more than 160,000 employees on the payroll of Indian call centers in India of which about 45 percent are women (Mitter, Fernandez amp; Verghese, 2004). Globalization – Analysis of its negative impact on the youth and their Identity With increased globalization and economic development, the problems confronting youth are changing. The more modern problems for youth arise from social alienation due to the demise of the support provided by the family. As Fahey and Gale (2005) put it, the youth are no longer satisfied to watch drama on television, they want to be a part of the drama. As a part of the learning of cross cultural management communication unit concepts related to identity formation such as belonging and in-groups and out-groups, voluntary and involuntary identity have been discussed. A reflection of these is observed incase of the youth of India. The focus of youth has shifted from the family to their personal selves. They increasingly look towards gaining approvals of friends before family, as the company they keep provides them with the much needed sense of belonging and interconnectedness helping to define themselves. The sense of belonging helps to develop associations and friendships and most importantly to prevent social isolation. Often young Bangaloreans skip university classes or family get-togethers and prefer to spend time their friends instead. The ones working during night shifts at call centers have the daytime available to do the same. The friendships allow formation of their own in-groups. There has been an exponential increase in the number of clubs, pubs and entertainment options in Bangalore over the last ten years, being the places where they prefer to spend their time with the friends. For the youth these in-groups provide them with means to interact with people having the similar perceptions, beliefs and values rather than just those from the same religion, ethnic heritage and social class. When dealing with their challenges these in-groups are highly significant in providing a sense of comfort and a means to decrease the anxiety levels. But being immersed in their groups also might lead the youth to breaking away from the reality and issues which are prevalent and of significance to India such as poverty, education, duty and collectivism (Saldanha, 2002). As discussed rising incomes as a result of globalization has provided much needed financial independence to some it can be argued a lot of these available incomes might be spent carelessly the hands of the youth. Where a vast majority of the country lives below the poverty line the young often living and financially supported by their parents are increasingly observed to splurge on luxury items. Their spending habits may include things such as mid-day parties which are becoming popular, as it is easier for the teenagers to get away from their homes during daytime (Saldanha, 2002). The youth of India has access to about $2. 8 billion worth of discretionary income, with their families spending an additional $3. 7 billion on them every year (Athyal, n. d. ). Another factor adding to the negative perception among the older generation of the impact of globalization on youth, is the apparent erosion of traditional values among Indians, especially those which define the family such as filial piety, patriarchy and the extended family as an economic unit (Fahey amp; Gale, 2005). As nuclear family becomes the norm there is fragmentation of the traditional family network is leading to decline of the support available for the parents and grandparents. Migration of younger generations from rural to urban areas or from one urban area to another has resulted results in the elderly being left to fend for themselves at a time when family support becomes more crucial (Pais, 2006). This has led a rise in sentiments of polarization amongst the older generations and disapproval with regards the effects of globalization. Identity among the youth is also seen as being adversely affected by the norms of their modern work life, especially for those working shifts as per western timings. Taking the case of Indian call center workers, they live and work in India but are required to organize their lives as per American or European times and communication styles which might lead to identity confusion, often experienced by the youth (Pais, 2006). Workers are expected to speak with local accents of the client locations, take on western names, adapt to their holidays and greetings. Employees are taught such strategies so as to minimize customer knowledge about the location of their work. They often need to follow scripts and are advised not reveal anything about their real selves however at the same time are forced to reinforce notions of themselves as ready to taking on roles of the client locals, for example the role of an American local at whichever state in USA they might happen to be calling in (Mirchandani, 2003). Another area of growing concern is of the rise of hybridization or hybrid identity among the youth. Hybrid identity is quite common these days and implies one part of the individual’s identity being rooted in the local culture while another part arises from the person’s relations and interactions with the global world (Pais, 2006). But a more detrimental form of the usual harmless hybridization has been observed among the youth of India, especially in the metropolitan cities such as Delhi and Bangalore. The essay attempts to throw light at the gravity of the situation by relating the case of Simran, a call center employee, as described by Raka Shome, 2006. Simran a twenty three year old works the graveyard or midnight shift. She begins her shift entering the glass and concrete building in the suburbs of Delhi. As the telephone rings her persona undergoes a transformation and she becomes Simone with an American accent speaking to JC Penney customer in Philadelphia. Even though she might have never been in a large department store the size of her client company, she handles the call with confidence talking about weather conditions and the perfect day in Philly as the weather conditions flash on her computer screen. She hangs up by wishing the customer a good day while looking on the pitch dark outside where the spatiality of Delhi and Philly collide in her virtual world. The employees, an increasing number of which comprise of youth, describe their lives as living in India by day and the west by night thinking like an Indian by day and needing to think an international by night. They often cite problems readjusting back to their Indian families and lifestyles on reaching home after pretending to be their seudo selves at work. They have difficulties switching identities and while pretending to be somebody else they could quite possibly begin to feel like one to. Further as with usual hybridizations in these cases there is no physical or transnational territorial migration rather there is a virtual migration. This virtual migration occurs where the mind departs into another place and time in the performances of westernness through virtual technology with the body physically remaining situated in India. The stress of living dual lives stretched across multiple times and geographies often takes forms of emotional toll and a transnational identity crisis of an unique nature (Shome, 2006). Conclusion Globalization has most definitely resulted in economic development, empowerment of women, generating employment and financial independence of the youth. This is particularly true in the field of Information Technology Enabled Services projecting India as a software giant and helping to shape a positive image and identity (Fahey amp; Gale, 2005). Bangalore and Delhi being areas of high significance and home to the Indian headquarters of numerous multinationals have been recipients of these benefits. Indian youth are also becoming more aware. Globalization has also enabled Indian youth to make their presence felt along with increasing their global awareness with majority of them learning and adapting to the western ways (Athyal, n. d. ). Although this process is an invaluable opportunity for the youth to raise their skills there are also fears that it is merely a modern version of cultural imperialism that would lead to erosion of the traditional Indian values such as strong family ties (Chinnammai, 2005). Financial independence which is so crucial to economic advancement can turn into a bane in hands of the youth splurging it to foster the needs of their confused identities. The area causing most concern is with regards to the form of detrimental hybridization experienced mostly by the youth working as call center employees. It is resulting in formation of a virtual worlds in the minds of the youth along with their real world and they are increasingly finding it hard to switch back and forth between the two. As India modernizes and comes under the western influences there seems to exist two Indias in the mental map of the youth, one the local and traditional India which is part of their involuntary identity and the other as the global, modern and occidental India they are beginning to identity more and more with, forming an important part of their voluntary identity (Rose, 1995).

Battle of Valmy in the French Revolutionary Wars

Battle of Valmy in the French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Valmy was fought September 20, 1792, during the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797). Armies and Commanders French General Charles Franà §ois DumouriezGeneral Franà §ois Christophe Kellermann47,000 men Allies Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick35,000 men Background As revolutionary fervor wracked Paris in 1792, the Assembly moved towards conflict with Austria. Declaring war on April 20, French revolutionary forces advanced into the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). Through May and June these efforts were easily repulsed by the Austrians, with the French troops panicking and fleeing in the face of even minor opposition. While the French floundered, an anti-revolutionary alliance came together consisting of forces from Prussia and Austria, as well as French à ©migrà ©s. Gathering at Coblenz, this force was led by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. Considered one of the best generals of the day, Brunswick was accompanied by the King of Prussia, Frederick William II. Advancing slowly, Brunswick was supported to the north by an Austrian force led by the Count von Clerfayt and to the south by Prussian troops under Fà ¼rst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg. Crossing the frontier, he captured Longwy on August 23 before advancing to take Verdun on September 2. With these victories, the road to Paris was effectively open. Due to revolutionary upheaval, the organization and command of the French forces in the area were in flux for most of the month. This period of transition finally ended with the appointment of General Charles Dumouriez to lead the Armà ©e du Nord on August 18 and the selection of General Franà §ois Kellermann to command the Armà ©e du Centre on August 27. With the high command settled, Paris directed Dumouriez to halt Brunswicks advance. Though Brunswick had broken through the fortifications of the French frontier, he was still faced with passing through the broken hills and forests of the Argonne. Assessing the situation, Dumouriez elected to use this favorable terrain to block the enemy. Defending the Argonne Understanding that the enemy was moving slowly, Dumouriez raced south to block the five passes through the Argonne. General Arthur Dillon was ordered to secure the two southern passes at Lachalade and les Islettes. Meanwhile, Dumouriez and his main force marched to occupy Grandprà © and Croix-aux-Bois. A smaller French force moved in from the west to hold the northern pass at le Chesne. Pushing west from Verdun, Brunswick was surprised to find fortified French troops at les Islettes on September 5. Unwilling to conduct a frontal assault, he directed Hohenlohe to pressure the pass while he took the army to Grandprà ©. Meanwhile, Clerfayt, who had advanced from Stenay, found only light French resistance at Croix-aux Bois. Driving off the enemy, the Austrians secured the area and defeated a French counterattack on September 14. The loss of the pass forced Dumouriez to abandon Grandprà ©. Rather than retreat west, he elected to hold the southern two passes and assumed a new position to the south. By doing so, he kept the enemys forces divided and remained a threat should Brunswick attempt a dash on Paris. As Brunswick was forced to pause for supplies, Dumouriez had time to establish a new position near Sainte-Menehould. The Battle of Valmy With Brunswick advancing through Grandprà © and descending on this new position from the north and west, Dumouriez rallied all of his available forces to Sainte-Menehould. On September 19, he was reinforced by additional troops from his army as well as by the arrival of Kellermann with men from the Army du Centre. That night, Kellermann decided to shift his position east the next morning. The terrain in the area was open and possessed three areas of raised ground. The first was located near the road intersection at la Lune while the next was to the northwest. Topped by a windmill, this ridge was situated near the village of Valmy and flanked by another set of heights to the north known as Mont Yvron. As Kellermanns men began their movement early on September 20, Prussian columns were sighted to the west. Quickly setting up a battery at la Lune, French troops attempted to hold the heights but were driven back. This action did buy Kellermann sufficient time to deploy his main body on the ridge near the windmill. Here they were aided by Brigadier General Henri Stengels men from Dumouriezs army who shifted north to hold Mont Yvron. Despite the presence of his army, Dumouriez could offer little direct support to Kellermann as his compatriot had deployed across his front rather than on his flank. The situation was further complicated by the presence of a marsh between the two forces. Unable to play a direct role in the fighting, Dumouriez detached units to support Kellermanns flanks as well as to raid into the Allied rear. The morning fog plagued operations but, by midday, it had cleared allowing the two sides to see the opposing lines with the Prussians on the la Lune ridge and the French around the windmill and Mont Yvron. Believing that the French would flee as they had in other recent actions, the Allies began an artillery bombardment in preparation for an assault. This was met by return fire from the French guns. The elite arm of the French army, the artillery, had retained a higher percentage of its pre-Revolution officer corps. Peaking around 1 PM, the artillery duel inflicted little damage due to the long distance (approx. 2,600 yards) between the lines. Despite this, it had a strong impact on Brunswick who saw that the French were not going to break easily and that any advance across the open field between the ridges would suffer heavy losses. Though not in a position to absorb heavy losses, Brunswick still ordered three assault columns formed to test the French resolve. Directing his men forward, he halted the assault when it had moved around 200 paces after seeing that the French were not going to retreat. Rallied by Kellermann they were chanting Vive la nation! Around 2 PM, another effort was made after artillery fire detonated three caissons in the French lines. As before, this advance was halted before it reached Kellermanns men. The battle remained a stalemate until around 4 PM when Brunswick called a council of war and declared, We do not fight here. Aftermath of Valmy Due to the nature of the fighting at Valmy, the casualties were relatively light with the Allied suffering 164 killed and wounded and the French around 300. Though criticized for not pressing the attack, Brunswick was not in a position to win a bloody victory and still be able to continue the campaign. Following the battle, Kellermann fell back to a more favorable position and the two sides began negotiations regarding political issues. These proved fruitless and the French forces began extending their lines around the Allies. Finally, on September 30, Brunswick had little choice but to begin retreating towards the border. Though the casualties were light, Valmy rates as one of the most important battles in history due to the context in which it was fought. The French victory effectively preserved the Revolution and prevented outside powers from either crushing it or forcing it to even greater extremes. The next day, the French monarchy was abolished and on September 22 the First French Republic declared. Sources: History of War: Battle of ValmyBattle of Valmy

UNIQLO Company, Global Marketing Analysis Essay

UNIQLO Company, Global Marketing Analysis - Essay Example 2. The Uppsala Model 8 Section Three 11 Macro environmental analysis 11 Market specific analysis 14 Section Four 16 Market Entry Modes 16 List of references 19 Section One Introduction Uniqlo Company limited is a Japanese clothing company. The name Uniqlo was as a result of the combination of ‘Unique’ and ‘clothing’ (Frankel, 2011). This company specializes in the manufacturing and retailing of casual wear (Uniqlo, 2012). It was first established in 1984 by Tadashi Yanai and opened its first shop in Hiroshima in that same year. The company was originally a division of the Fast retailing Company limited, a retail holding company. Fast retailing company owns many other brands that include Aspesi, foot park, National Standard and Princess Tam-Tam among others (Fast Retailing, 2010). Uniqlo has continued to be in existence in the fashion industry for a long period of time making impact and changing the perceptions people hold of the fashion industry. In 2005 its management restructured it and separated it from Fast Trading Company to form a new wholly owned subsidiary called Uniqlo Company Limited. It was during the same period of time that it became listed on the Tokyo Stock exchange (Fast Retailing, 2010). Uniqlo is currently headed by Yadashi Yanai who was its founder and president but has other managers in the various outlets of the company. History Uniqlo first began its operations in Hiroshima where it opened its first shop in 1984. ... The parent company continued its operations under its original name Ogori Shoji until 1991 when it rebranded to Fast retailing company. Unique began a spirited effort to expand its market and by the end of 1994 the company had over 100 stores in Japan only (Fast Retailing, 2010). The company was fast growing and therefore had to think of strategies that would enable it to continue serving its markets. This necessitated it to come up with the SPA strategies adopted from The Gap- an American retailing giant, which aimed at producing and selling their clothing exclusively (Fast Retailing , 2011). The company then set out for overseas expansion after sales turnover and gross profit from their operations in Japan peaked in 2001, boasting of over 500 stores in Japan only. In 2002, the company established Fast Retailing Apparel Company in china and began operating the first Uniqlo outlet in Shanghai China. Uniqlo then made a huge move in 2002 from the Asian market to venture into the Europe an market and established four outlets in London (Fast Retailing, 2010). The England market proved difficult to work in with as sales were below the company’s expectations. This caused a sharp drop in profits in 2003 and the company began working jointly with other Japanese companies and celebrities in order to boost its dwindling sales. Since 2005, the company has engaged itself in an aggressive expansion plan and has opened stores all over the world including, The United States with stores in New York City, In China with stores in Hong Kong and formed a joint venture with Lotte in order to enter the South Korean Market. It has continued its operations in Europe opening more stores since the profits and sales began to